Report Documentation Page

Table of Contents

1. Testing Requirements

• 1.1 Required Testing Program
• 1.2 Regions Required to Test
• 1.3 Covered Employees and Employers
• 1.4 Percent Positive for Drugs and Alcohol

2. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates

• 2.1 Official Random Rates for 2004
• 2.2 Calculating Positive Rates and Violation Rates
• 2.3 Official Positive Rate and Violation Rate Trends

3. Drug Test Results

• 3.1 Drug Test Results by Test Type

  • 3.1.1 Pre-Employment Drug Test Results
  • 3.1.2 Random Drug Test Results
  • 3.1.3 Post-Accident Drug Test Results
  • 3.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results
  • 3.1.5 Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results
  • 3.1.6 Follow-Up Drug Test Results
  • 3.1.7 Drug Test Results by Test Type for all Employee Categories
 

• 3.2 Drug Test Results by Employee Category

  • 3.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation
  • 3.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
  • 3.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch
  • 3.2.4 Commercial Driver's License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle
  • 3.2.5 Armed Security Personnel
  • 3.2.6 Drug Test Results for all Employee Categories
 

• 3.3 Drug Test Results by Region

  • 3.3.1 Drug Test Results for Region 1
  • 3.3.2 Drug Test Results for Region 2
  • 3.3.3 Drug Test Results for Region 3
  • 3.3.4 Drug Test Results for Region 4
  • 3.3.5 Drug Test Results for Region 5
  • 3.3.6 Drug Test Results for Region 6
  • 3.3.7 Drug Test Results for Region 7
  • 3.3.8 Drug Test Results for Region 8
  • 3.3.9 Drug Test Results for Region 9
  • 3.3.10 Drug Test Results for Region 10
  • 3.3.11 Drug Test Results for All Regions
  • 3.3.12 Drug Test Results for Transit Employers and Contractors
  
  

4. Alcohol Test Results

• 4.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category

  • 4.1.1 Pre-Employment Alcohol Test Results
  • 4.1.2 Random Alcohol Test Results
  • 4.1.3 Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results
  • 4.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results
  • 4.1.5 Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results
  • 4.1.6 Follow-Up Alcohol Test Results
  • 4.1.7 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type
 

• 4.2 Alcohol Results by Employee Category

  • 4.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation
  • 4.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
  • 4.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch
  • 4.2.4 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle
  • 4.2.5 Armed Security Personnel
  • 4.2.6 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type
 

• 4.3 Alcohol Test Results by Region

  • 4.3.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1
  • 4.3.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2
  • 4.3.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3
  • 4.3.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4
  • 4.3.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5
  • 4.3.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6
  • 4.3.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7
  • 4.3.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8
  • 4.3.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9
  • 4.3.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10
  • 4.3.11 Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types by Region
 

• 4.4 Transit Employer and Contractor Alcohol Test Results

  • 4.4.1 Alcohol Test Results for Transit Employees for All Test Types by Region
  • 4.4.2 Alcohol Test Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region
 

• 4.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Each Region

  • 4.5.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 1
  • 4.5.2 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 2
  • 4.5.3 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 3
  • 4.5.4 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 4
  • 4.5.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 5
  • 4.5.6 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 6
  • 4.5.7 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 7
  • 4.5.8 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 8
  • 4.5.9 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 9
  • 4.5.10 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 10

Appendix A. MIS Data Collection Form

Appendix B. Contact Information

Appendix C. Glossary of Terms

List of Figures

• Figure 1. The 10 FTA Regions Required to Test for Drugs and Alcohol
• Figure 2. Positive Rate for Drugs (1995 to 2004)
• Figure 3. Violation Rate for Alcohol (1995 to 2004)
• Figure 4. Official Positive Rates and Violation Rates: 1995 to 2005
• Figure 5. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Drug Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 6. Percent Positive for Random Drug Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 7. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Drug Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 8. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Drug Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 9. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Drug Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 10. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Drug Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 11. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type
• Figure 12. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type
• Figure 13. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type
• Figure 14. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type
• Figure 15. Percent Positive for Commercial Driver's License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type
• Figure 16. Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type
• Figure 17. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category
• Figure 18. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 1
• Figure 19. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 2
• Figure 20. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 3
• Figure 21. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 4
• Figure 22. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 5
• Figure 23. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 6
• Figure 24. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 7
• Figure 25. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 8
• Figure 26. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 9
• Figure 27. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 10
• Figure 28. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region
• Figure 29. Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region
• Figure 30. Percent Positive for Contractors by Region
• Figure 31. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 32. Percent Positive for Random Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 33. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 34. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 35. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 36. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Tests by Employee Category
• Figure 37. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type
• Figure 38. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Operation Employee Category by Test Type
• Figure 39. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance Employee Category by Test Type
• Figure 40. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch Employee Category by Test Type
• Figure 41. Percent Positive for the CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Employee Category by Test Type
• Figure 42. Percent Positive for the Armed Security Personnel Employee Category by Test Type
• Figure 43. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type
• Figure 44. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1
• Figure 45. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2
• Figure 46. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3
• Figure 47. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4
• Figure 48. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5
• Figure 49. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6
• Figure 50. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7
• Figure 51. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8
• Figure 52. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9
• Figure 53. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10
• Figure 54. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region
• Figure 55. Percent Positive for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region
• Figure 56. Percent Positive for Contractors for All Test Types by Region
• Figure 57. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 1
• Figure 58. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 2
• Figure 59. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 3
• Figure 60. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 4
• Figure 61. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 5
• Figure 62. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 6
• Figure 63. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 7
• Figure 64. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 8
• Figure 65. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 9
• Figure 66. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 10

List of Tables

• Table 1. Safety-Sensitive Employee Categories, Test Types, and Drug Types
• Table 2. U.S. States and Territories by Region
• Table 3. Number of Covered Employees and Employers by Region
• Table 4. Pre-Employment Drug Test Results by Employee Categories
• Table 5. Random Drug Test Results by Employee Categories
• Table 6. Post-Accident Drug Test Results by Employee Categories
• Table 7. Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results by Employee Categories
• Table 8. Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories
• Table 9. Follow-Up Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories
• Table 10. Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories
• Table 11. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation
• Table 12. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
• Table 13. Drug Test Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch
• Table 14. Drug Test Results for Commercial Driver's License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle
• Table 15. Drug Test Results for Armed Security Personnel
• Table 16. Drug Test Results for All Test Types by Employee Category
• Table 17. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 1
• Table 18. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 2
• Table 19. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 3
• Table 20. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 4
• Table 21. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 5
• Table 22. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 6
• Table 23. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 7
• Table 24. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 8
• Table 25. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 9
• Table 26. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 10
• Table 27. Drug Test Results for All Regions
• Table 28. Drug Test Results for Transit Employers by Region
• Table 29. Drug Test Results for Contractors by Region
• Table 30. Pre-Employment Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category
• Table 31. Random Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category
• Table 32. Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category
• Table 33. Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category
• Table 34. Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category
• Table 35. Follow-Up Alcohol Test Results by Employee Category
• Table 36. Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types
• Table 37. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type
• Table 38. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type
• Table 39. Alcohol Results for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type
• Table 40. Alcohol Results for CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type
• Table 41. Alcohol Results for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type
• Table 42. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type
• Table 43. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1
• Table 44. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2
• Table 45. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3
• Table 46. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4
• Table 47. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5
• Table 48. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6
• Table 49. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7
• Table 50. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8
• Table 51. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9
• Table 52. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10
• Table 53. Alcohol Results for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region
• Table 54. Alcohol Results for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region
• Table 55. Alcohol Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region
• Table 56. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1
• Table 57. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2
• Table 58. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3
• Table 59. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4
• Table 60. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5
• Table 61. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6
• Table 62. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7
• Table 63. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8
• Table 64. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9
• Table 65. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10

1. Testing Requirements

1.1 Required Testing Program

Safety-sensitive employees must undergo testing for five illegal substances with the use of six different test types. Employees who perform safety-sensitive functions must also be tested for alcohol use in each of those test types, except for pre-employment testing. Employers are required to conduct four types of tests of employees who perform safety-sensitive functions, and are permitted to conduct two other types of tests for drugs and alcohol (return-to-duty and follow-up).

Table 1 lists the employee categories, test types, and drug types that fall under the auspices of the FTA Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. For more detailed descriptions of each of these categories, refer to the glossary in Appendix C. You may also refer to FTA and DOT drug and alcohol regulations on the FTA Office of Safety and Security Web site at: http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Safety/datesting/regulations/default.asp. For additional guidance, another excellent source is the Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance (ODAPC) Web site: http://www.dot.gov/ost/dapc/index.html.

1.2 Regions Required to Test

The FTA is comprised of 10 regions, which are identified in Figure 1. The data provided by these regions have facilitated the comparison of drug and alcohol test results and the identification of regional trends. Table 2 lists the states and territories in each FTA region.

Figure 1. The 10 FTA Regions Required to Test for Drugs and Alcohol

1.3 Covered Employees and Employers

A covered employee is any person, including an applicant, transferee, or volunteer who performs or will perform a safety-sensitive function for an entity subject to 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 655. A covered employer is a recipient or other entity that provides a mass transportation service or performs a safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other entity. This includes Section 5311 State Nonurban subrecipients, Section 5307 Urbanized Area Formula grantees, Section 5309 Major Capital Investment recipients, and contractors. Table 3 provides a list of the number of covered employees and employers in each FTA region.

1.4 Percent Positive for Drugs and Alcohol

When testing for drugs, the term "percent positive" refers to the number of verified positive results plus the number of refusal results divided by the number of test results. For alcohol tests, percent positive is the number of confirmation tests with results of 0.04 or greater plus the number of refusal results divided by the number of screening test results.

2. Random Drug and Alcohol Rates

2.1 Official Random Rates for 2004

Figures 2 and 3 show the official rates for random drug and alcohol tests used by the FTA Administrator in determining the random rates for 2005. Figure 2 shows the positive rate for random drug tests over the last 10 years (1995 to 2004). Figure 3 shows the violation rate for random alcohol tests over the same 10-year span.

2.2 Calculating Positive Rates and Violation Rates

The positive rate for drugs is calculated by taking the total number of verified positive tests; adding to that the total number of adulterated samples plus total number of substituted specimens, shy bladder instances (those without medical explanation), and other refusals; and dividing that number by the total number of drug test results. The violation rate for alcohol is calculated by taking the total number of confirmative test results greater than or equal to a breath alcohol level of 0.04, adding the total number of shy lung instances (those without medical explanation) plus the total number of other refusals, and dividing that number by the total number of screens conducted.

Figure 2. Positive Rate for Random Drug Tests (1995 to 2004)

Figure 3. Violation Rate for Random Alcohol Tests (1995 to 2004)

2.3 Official Positive Rate and Violation Rate Trends

As shown in Figure 4, the official positive rate dropped in 2004 to the lowest rate (0.89 percent) in the last three years. This drop is nearly 50 percent lower than the random positive rate recorded in 1995. The violation rate remained at a static level (0.11 percent) in 2004, lower than in all of the preceding years.

Figure 4. Official Positive Rates and Violation Rates: 1995 to 2005

3. Drug Test Results

3.1 Drug Test Results by Test Type

3.1.1 Pre-Employment Drug Test Results

Table 4 provides results of pre-employment drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 5 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all pre-employment drug tests.

Figure 5. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Drug Tests by Employee Category

3.1.2 Random Drug Test Results

Table 5 provides results of random drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 6 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all random drug tests.

Figure 6. Percent Positive for Random Drug Tests by Employee Category

3.1.3 Post-Accident Drug Test Results

Table 6 provides results of post-accident drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 7 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all post-accident drug tests.

Figure 7. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Drug Tests by Employee Category

3.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Drug Test Results

Table 7 provides results of reasonable suspicion drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 8 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all reasonable suspicion drug tests.

Figure 8. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Drug Tests by Employee Category

3.1.5 Return-to-Duty Drug Test Results

Table 8 provides results of return-to-duty drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 9 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all return-to-duty drug tests.

Figure 9. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Drug Tests by Employee Category

3.1.6 Follow-Up Drug Test Results

Table 9 provides results of follow-up drug tests for all employee categories. Figure 10 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all follow-up drug tests.

Figure 10. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Drug Tests by Employee Category

3.1.7 Drug Test Results by Test Type for All Employee Categories

Table 10 provides drug test results by test type for all employee categories. Figure 11 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type.

Figure 11. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type

3.2 Drug Test Results by Employee Category

3.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation

Table 11 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle operation employee category. Figure 12 illustrates the percent positive for each test type under the revenue vehicle operation employee category.

Figure 12. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Operation by Test Type

3.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance

Table 12 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee category by test type. Figure 13 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee category by test type.

Figure 13. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance by Test Type

3.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch

Table 13 provides drug test results for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category by test type. Figure 14 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category by test type.

Figure 14. Percent Positive for Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch by Test Type

3.2.4 Commercial Driver's License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle

Table 14 provides drug test results for the commercial driver's license (CDL)/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test type. Figure 15 illustrates the percent positive for the CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test type.

Figure 15. Percent Positive for Commercial Driver's License (CDL)/Non-Revenue Vehicle by Test Type

3.2.5 Armed Security Personnel

Table 15 provides drug test results for the armed security personnel employee category by test type. Figure 16 illustrates the percent positive for the armed security personnel employee category by test type.

Figure 16. Percent Positive for Armed Security Personnel by Test Type

3.2.6 Drug Test Results for All Employee Categories

Table 16 provides drug test results for all test types by employee category. Figure 17 illustrates the percent positive for all test types by employee category.

Figure 17. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Employee Category

3.3 Drug Test Results by Region

3.3.1 Drug Test Results for Region 1

Table 17 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 1. Figure 18 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 1.

Table 17. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 1

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	2,813	2,761	51	40	13	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	4
Random	6,626	6,586	38	19	19	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	7
Post-Accident	475	470	5	3	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
Reas. Suspicion	14	12	2	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	40	38	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	209	205	4	1	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Figure 18. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 1

3.3.2 Drug Test Results for Region 2

Table 18 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 2. Figure 19 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 2.

Table 18. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 2

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	10,536	10,271	258	162	83	6	5	2	2	1	0	4	20
Random	28,414	28,207	191	84	92	8	5	6	1	4	2	9	34
Post-Accident	2,222	2,186	34	12	19	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	3
Reas. Suspicion	106	100	4	2	2	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	194	191	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Follow-up	1,874	1,858	12	5	8	0	0	0	0	0	2	2	7

Figure 19. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 2

3.3.3 Drug Test Results for Region 3

Table 19 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 3. Figure 20 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 3

Table 19. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 3

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	8,948	8,620	298	195	95	7	8	1	0	0	0	30	10
Random	16,090	16,740	150	72	67	1	13	1	0	0	3	16	31
Post-Accident	1,280	1,249	28	19	8	0	3	0	0	0	0	3	4
Reas. Suspicion	79	67	8	3	4	0	1	0	0	0	1	3	1
Return-to-Duty	215	211	3	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
Follow-up	1,266	1,246	19	6	13	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2

Figure 20. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 3

3.3.4 Drug Test Results for Region 4

Table 20 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 4. Figure 21 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 4.

Table 20. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 4

Test Type	TOTAL Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	9,814	9,568	224	146	70	1	1	10	3	2	0	17	14
Random	16,534	16,377	141	72	65	0	6	4	2	2	2	10	28
Post-Accident	2,782	2,746	32	13	17	0	0	2	1	0	0	3	4
Reas. Suspicion	86	77	7	0	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
Return-to-Duty	253	252	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	592	578	14	5	8	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	3

Figure 21. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 4

3.3.5 Drug Test Results for Region 5

Table 21 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 5. Figure 22 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 5.

Table 21. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 5

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	10,017	9,767	231	158	71	2	9	3	3	1	8	7	9
Random	21,423	21,230	172	97	76	0	3	4	1	1	3	16	27
Post-Accident	2,493	2,445	46	12	30	0	3	2	0	0	2	0	4
Reas. Suspicion	121	112	7	2	3	0	2	0	0	0	0	2	0
Return-to-Duty	232	223	9	4	5	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	1,325	1,294	27	12	13	0	0	3	0	0	2	2	6

Figure 22. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 5

3.3.6 Drug Test Results for Region 6

Table 22 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 6. Figure 23 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 6.

Table 22. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 6

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	5,210	5,088	113	84	28	1	1	2	1	1	0	7	13
Random	10,784	10,674	105	59	41	0	3	4	0	2	1	2	18
Post-Accident	1,247	1,233	14	7	5	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	38	34	4	1	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	94	92	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	205	197	8	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Figure 23. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 6

3.3.7 Drug Test Results for Region 7

Table 23 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 7. Figure 24 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 7.

Table 23. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 7

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	3,005	2,950	50	36	10	0	1	5	1	0	0	4	8
Random	4,717	4,675	38	23	10	0	1	6	1	0	2	1	14
Post-Accident	460	454	5	2	3	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	32	30	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	34	34	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	152	148	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Figure 24. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 7

3.3.8 Drug Test Results for Region 8

Table 24 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 8. Figure 25 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 8.

Table 24. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 8

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	2,949	2,890	56	37	11	0	3	6	0	0	1	2	9
Random	4,470	4,422	38	28	7	0	0	4	1	1	4	4	7
Post-Accident	297	287	10	8	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	1
Reas. Suspicion	33	31	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	28	28	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	171	168	3	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Figure 25. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 8

3.3.9 Drug Test Results for Region 9

Table 25 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 9. Figure 26 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 9.

Table 25. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 9

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	15,262	14,923	321	218	63	1	12	45	2	1	2	13	55
Random	23,544	23,321	193	93	43	0	9	55	4	1	2	23	58
Post-Accident	2,736	2,704	30	14	9	0	1	8	0	0	1	1	2
Reas. Suspicion	87	77	9	2	5	0	0	2	0	0	0	1	1
Return-to-Duty	250	242	8	3	3	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	1,508	1,482	22	6	10	1	0	5	1	0	1	2	2

Figure 26. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 9

3.3.10 Drug Test Results for Region 10

Table 26 provides drug test results by test type and drugs detected for Region 10. Figure 27 illustrates the percent positive for all test types for Region 10.

Table 26. Drug Test Results by Test Type and Drugs Detected for Region 10

Test Type	Total Number of Test Results	Verified Negative Results	Verified Positive Results for One or More Drugs	Positive for Marijuana	Positive for Cocaine	Positive for PCP	Positive for Opiates	Positive for Amphetamines	Refusals				Cancelled Tests
									Adulterated	Substituted	"Shy Bladder" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing
Pre-Employment	3,249	3,190	52	43	2	0	2	7	0	0	0	7	11
Random	7,596	7,533	55	37	7	0	0	12	0	0	1	7	14
Post-Accident	518	515	3	0	1	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	3
Reas. Suspicion	28	27	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	52	50	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-up	410	403	7	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Figure 27. Percent Positive for All Test Types for Region 10

3.3.11 Drug Test Results for All Regions

Table 27 provides drug test results for all test types and drugs detected for each region. Figure 28 illustrates the percent positive for all test types by region.

Figure 28. Percent Positive for All Test Types by Region

3.3.12 Drug Test Results for Transit Employers and Contractors

Table 28 provides drug test results for transit employers by region. Figure 29 illustrates the percent positive for transit employers by region. Table 29 provides drug test results for contractors by region. Figure 30 illustrates the percent positive for contractors by region.

Figure 29. Percent Positive for Transit Employers by Region

Figure 30. Percent Positive for Contractors by Region

4. Alcohol Test Results

4.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type and Employee Category

The following section provides alcohol test results by test type conducted and for each employee category.

4.1.1 Pre-Employment Alcohol Test Results

Table 30 provides alcohol results for pre-employment tests for each employee category. Figure 31 illustrates the percent positive for pre-employment tests by employee category.

Figure 31. Percent Positive for Pre-Employment Tests by Employee Category

4.1.2 Random Alcohol Test Results

Table 31 provides alcohol results for random tests for each employee category. Figure 32 illustrates the percent positive for random alcohol tests by employee category.

Figure 32. Percent Positive for Random Tests by Employee Category

4.1.3 Post-Accident Alcohol Test Results

Table 32 provides alcohol results for post-accident tests for each employee category. Figure 33 illustrates the percent positive for post-accident tests by employee category.

Figure 33. Percent Positive for Post-Accident Tests by Employee Category

4.1.4 Reasonable Suspicion Alcohol Test Results

Table 33 provides alcohol results for reasonable suspicion tests for each employee category. Figure 34 illustrates the percent positive for reasonable suspicion tests by employee category.

Figure 34. Percent Positive for Reasonable Suspicion Tests by Employee Category

4.1.5 Return-to-Duty Alcohol Test Results

Table 34 provides alcohol results for return-to-duty tests for each employee category. Figure 35 illustrates the percent positive for return-to-duty tests by employee category.

Figure 35. Percent Positive for Return-to-Duty Tests by Employee Category

4.1.6 Follow-Up Alcohol Test Results

Table 35 provides alcohol results for follow-up tests for each employee category. Figure 36 illustrates the percent positive for follow-up tests by employee category.

Figure 36. Percent Positive for Follow-Up Tests by Employee Category

4.1.7 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type

Table 36 provides alcohol results for all employee categories by test type. Figure 37 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type.

Figure 37. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type

4.2 Alcohol Results by Employee Category

The following section provides alcohol test results for each employee category by type of test conducted.

4.2.1 Revenue Vehicle Operation

Table 37 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle operation employee category by test type. Figure 38 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle operation employee category by test type.

Figure 38. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Operation Employee Category by Test Type

4.2.2 Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance

Table 38 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee category by test type. Figure 39 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle and equipment maintenance employee category by test type.

Figure 39. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance Employee Category by Test Type

4.2.3 Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch

Table 39 provides alcohol results for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category by test type. Figure 40 illustrates the percent positive for the revenue vehicle control/dispatch employee category by test type.

Figure 40. Percent Positive for the Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch Employee Category by Test Type

4.2.4 CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle

Table 40 provides alcohol results for the CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test type. Figure 41 illustrates the percent positive for the CDL/non-revenue vehicle employee category by test type.

Figure 41. Percent Positive for the CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle Employee Category by Test Type

4.2.5 Armed Security Personnel

Table 41 provides alcohol results for the armed security personnel employee category by test type. Figure 42 illustrates the percent positive for the armed security personnel employee category by test type.

Figure 42. Percent Positive for the Armed Security Personnel Employee Category by Test Type

4.2.6 Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type

Table 42 provides alcohol results for all employee categories by test type. Figure 43 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type.

Figure 43. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type

4.3 Alcohol Test Results by Region

The following section provides alcohol test results for all test types, by each employee category, and for every region.

4.3.1 Alcohol Test Results for Region 1

Table 43 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 1. Figure 44 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 1.

Table 43. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	3,434	3,418	14	10	2	8	0	2	2
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	680	676	4	4	0	4	0	0	2
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	242	240	2	2	0	0	0	0	2
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	130	128	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	28	28	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	4,514	4,490	22	18	2	14	0	2	6

Figure 44. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 1

4.3.2 Alcohol Test Results for Region 2

Table 44 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 2. Figure 45 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 2.

Table 44. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	20,832	20,752	76	58	26	18	2	2	8
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	6,770	6,720	44	42	14	20	2	4	0
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	1,806	1,804	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	462	458	4	4	0	4	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	582	580	2	2	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	30,452	30,314	128	108	40	44	4	6	8

Figure 45. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 2

4.3.3 Alcohol Test Results for Region 3

Table 45 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 3. Figure 46 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 3.

Table 45. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	18,150	18,104	42	42	12	26	0	4	16
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	3,894	3,880	14	14	6	8	0	0	4
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	994	986	2	2	2	0	0	6	4
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	890	888	2	2	0	0	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	424	422	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
TOTAL	24,352	24,280	62	62	20	36	0	10	24

Figure 46. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 3

4.3.4 Alcohol Test Results for Region 4

Table 46 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 4. Figure 47 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 4.

Table 46. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	14,754	14,686	52	42	18	22	6	10	14
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	3,018	2,998	18	16	6	10	0	2	0
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	904	900	2	0	0	0	2	0	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	384	384	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	388	386	2	2	2	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	19,448	19,354	74	60	26	32	8	12	14

Figure 47. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 4

4.3.5 Alcohol Test Results for Region 5

Table 47 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 5. Figure 48 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 5.

Table 47. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	15,110	15,054	50	30	4	26	2	4	26
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	3,092	3,072	16	16	4	12	0	4	0
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	1,030	1,024	4	4	0	2	0	2	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	268	266	2	2	2	0	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	124	118	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
TOTAL	19,624	19,534	72	52	10	40	2	16	26

Figure 48. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 5

4.3.6 Alcohol Test Results for Region 6

Table 48 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 6. Figure 49 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 6.

Table 48. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	9,570	9,536	32	28	8	16	0	2	4
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	2,500	2,488	10	8	2	6	2	0	0
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	690	690	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	582	580	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	488	486	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
TOTAL	13,830	13,780	44	38	10	24	2	4	4

Figure 49. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 6

4.3.7 Alcohol Test Results for Region 7

Table 49 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 7. Figure 50 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 7.

Table 49. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	2,888	2,872	16	16	8	6	0	0	0
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	300	300	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	168	168	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	40	38	2	2	2	0	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	22	22	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	3,418	3,400	18	18	10	6	0	0	0

Figure 50. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 7

4.3.8 Alcohol Test Results for Region 8

Table 50 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 8. Figure 51 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 8.

Table 50. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	2,416	2,414	2	2	0	2	0	0	2
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	562	562	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	166	166	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	96	96	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	22	22	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	3,262	3,260	2	2	0	2	0	0	2

Figure 51. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 8

4.3.9 Alcohol Test Results for Region 9

Table 51 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 9. Figure 52 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 9.

Table 51. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	17,994	17,918	70	56	22	34	0	6	8
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	3,234	3,210	24	12	4	8	0	0	6
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	1,132	1,116	14	4	4	0	0	2	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	304	302	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	266	266	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	22,930	22,812	110	72	30	42	0	8	14

Figure 52. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 9

4.3.10 Alcohol Test Results for Region 10

Table 52 provides alcohol test results by employee category for all test types within Region 10. Figure 53 illustrates the percent positive by employee category for all test types within Region 10.

Table 52. Alcohol Results by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10

Employee Category	Total Number of Screen Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Revenue Vehicle Operation	4,908	4,778	128	30	12	12	0	2	4
Revenue Vehicle & Equipment Maint.	1,116	1,112	4	2	2	0	0	0	0
Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch	404	398	4	4	2	2	0	2	0
CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle	126	126	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Armed Security Personnel	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	6,554	6,414	136	36	16	14	0	4	4

Figure 53. Percent Positive by Employee Category for All Test Types within Region 10

4.3.11 Alcohol Test Results for All Test Types by Region

Table 53 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories and test types for all of the regions. Figure 54 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories and test types for each region.

Figure 54. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories and Test Types by Region

4.4 Transit Employer and Contractor Alcohol Test Results

4.4.1 Alcohol Test Results for Transit Employees for All Test Types by Region

Table 54 provides alcohol test results for transit employers for all test types by region. Figure 55 illustrates the percent positive for transit employers for all test types by region.

Figure 55. Percent Positive for Transit Employers for All Test Types by Region

4.4.2 Alcohol Test Results for Contractors for All Test Types by Region

Table 55 provides alcohol test results for contractors for all test types by region. Figure 56 illustrates the percent positive for contractors for all test types by region.

Figure 56. Percent Positive for Contractors for All Test Types by Region

4.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Each Region

The following section provides alcohol test results by test type for all employee categories within each region.

4.5.1 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 1

Table 56 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 1. Figure 57 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 1.

Table 56. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 1

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	204	204	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Random	2,974	2,966	8	6	0	6	0	0	4
Post-Accident	910	908	2	2	2	0	0	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	28	14	12	10	0	8	0	2	2
Return-to-Duty	50	50	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-Up	348	348	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	4,514	4,490	22	18	2	14	0	2	6

Figure 57. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 1

4.5.2 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 2

Table 57 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 2. Figure 58 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 2.

Table 57. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 2

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	3,920	3,916	2	2	0	0	2	0	2
Random	18,518	18,438	78	70	36	20	2	0	6
Post-Accident	4,288	4,280	6	4	0	2	0	2	0
Reas. Suspicion	156	130	22	14	2	12	0	4	0
Return-to-Duty	154	148	6	6	0	4	0	0	0
Follow-Up	3,416	3,402	14	12	2	6	0	0	0
TOTAL	30,452	30,314	128	108	40	44	4	6	8

Figure 58. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 2

4.5.3 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 3

Table 58 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 3. Figure 59 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 3.

Table 58. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 3

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	5,550	5,530	20	20	6	12	0	0	0
Random	13,614	13,598	12	12	6	6	0	4	8
Post-Accident	2,324	2,322	0	0	0	0	0	2	14
Reas. Suspicion	158	134	22	22	4	16	0	2	2
Return-to-Duty	366	362	2	2	2	0	0	2	0
Follow-Up	2,340	2,334	6	6	2	2	0	0	0
TOTAL	24,352	24,280	62	62	20	36	0	10	24

Figure 59. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 3

4.5.4 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 4

Table 59 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 4. Figure 60 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 4.

Table 59. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 4

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	2,860	2,856	2	2	0	2	0	2	0
Random	10,884	10,848	28	22	16	6	4	4	14
Post-Accident	4,806	4,792	10	10	2	8	0	4	0
Reas. Suspicion	164	126	32	24	8	14	4	2	0
Return-to-Duty	212	212	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-Up	522	520	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
TOTAL	19,448	19,354	74	60	26	32	8	12	14

Figure 60. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 4

4.5.5 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 5

Table 60 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 5. Figure 61 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 5.

Table 60. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 5

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	2,318	2,312	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
Random	11,158	11,138	18	14	2	10	0	2	6
Post-Accident	4,660	4,654	4	4	2	2	2	0	20
Reas. Suspicion	262	216	40	26	2	24	0	6	0
Return-to-Duty	228	228	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-Up	998	986	10	8	4	4	0	2	0
TOTAL	19,624	19,534	72	52	10	40	2	16	26

Figure 61. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 5

4.5.6 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 6

Table 61 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 6. Figure 62 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 6.

Table 61. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 6

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	1,760	1,756	4	4	0	2	0	0	0
Random	9,356	9,340	12	12	4	8	2	2	4
Post-Accident	2,264	2,262	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	66	42	22	20	6	12	0	2	0
Return-to-Duty	60	60	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-Up	324	320	4	2	0	2	0	0	0
TOTAL	13,830	13,780	44	38	10	24	2	4	4

Figure 62. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 6

4.5.7 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 7

Table 62 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 7. Figure 63 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 7.

Table 62. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 7

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	128	126	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
Random	2,080	2,076	4	4	0	2	0	0	0
Post-Accident	860	860	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	62	56	6	6	6	0	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	44	40	4	4	2	2	0	0	0
Follow-Up	244	242	2	2	2	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	3,418	3,400	18	18	10	6	0	0	0

Figure 63. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 7

4.5.8 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 8

Table 63 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 8. Figure 64 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 8.

Table 63. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 8

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	120	120	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Random	2,400	2,400	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
Post-Accident	482	482	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	52	50	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	34	34	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-Up	174	174	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	3,262	3,260	2	2	0	2	0	0	2

Figure 64. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 8

4.5.9 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 9

Table 64 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 9. Figure 65 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 9.

Table 64. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 9

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	3,698	3,696	2	2	0	2	0	0	0
Random	11,282	11,238	40	10	4	6	0	4	14
Post-Accident	4,968	4,956	12	8	2	6	0	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	204	150	50	48	22	26	0	4	0
Return-to-Duty	268	266	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-Up	2,510	2,506	4	4	2	2	0	0	0
TOTAL	22,930	22,812	110	72	30	42	0	8	14

Figure 65. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 9

4.5.10 Alcohol Test Results by Test Type for Region 10

Table 65 provides alcohol test results for all employee categories by test type within Region 10. Figure 66 illustrates the percent positive for all employee categories by test type within Region 10.

Table 65. Alcohol Test Results for All Employee Categories by Test Type for Region 10

Test Type	Total Number of Screening Test Results	Screening Tests with Results Below 0.02	Screening Tests with Results 0.02 or Greater	Number of Confirmation Test Results	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.02 to 0.039	Confirmation Tests with Results 0.04 or Greater	"Shy Lung" with No Medical Explanation	Other Refusals to Submit to Testing	Cancelled Tests
Pre-Employment	232	232	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Random	4,664	4,638	22	12	4	6	0	4	4
Post-Accident	968	968	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Reas. Suspicion	60	34	26	24	12	8	0	0	0
Return-to-Duty	32	32	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Follow-Up	598	510	88	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL	6,554	6,414	136	36	16	14	0	4	4

Figure 66. Percent Positive for All Employee Categories by Test Type within Region 10

Appendix A. MIS Data Collection Form

Appendix B. Contact Information

Please contact the following individuals for additional information regarding the FTA's drug and alcohol testing requirements.

For assistance on accessing the FTA Office of Safety and Security Web site and using the Internet reporting system, contact the FTA DAMIS Project Office at (617) 494-6336 or via e-mail at FTA.damis@volpe.dot.gov. The FTA Safety and Security Clearinghouse can be reached at (617) 494-2116 for additional copies of this report as well as technical assistance materials, including the Implementation Guidelines for Drug and Alcohol Regulations in Mass Transit and Best Practices Manual: FTA Drug and Alcohol Testing Program. Documents can also be obtained from the FTA Safety and Security Clearinghouse Web site at: http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/publications/order/default.asp. You may also send e-mail directly to FTA.clearinghouse@volpe.dot.gov.

Appendix C. Glossary of Terms

Amphetamines: Includes racemic, amphetamine, extroamphetamine, and methamphetamine. They are potent stimulants that can be swallowed, snorted, or injected. They reduce the desire to sleep or eat and can induce a sense of aroused euphoria, accompanied by feelings of increased power, strength, energy, self-assertion, focus, and motivation. Because the body does not readily break down amphetamines, these feelings, which are often intense and ephemeral, may last several hours. Severe mental depression and fatigue can set in when the euphoric feelings wear off.

Accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of a vehicle, if as a result:

1. An individual dies;
2. An individual suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical treatment away from the scene of the accident;
3. With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a bus, electric bus, van, or automobile, one or more vehicles incurs disabling damage as the result of the occurrence and is transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle; or
4. With respect to an occurrence in which the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel, the mass transit vehicle is removed from revenue service.

Alcohol Concentration: The alcohol in a volume of breath, expressed in terms of grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a breath test.

Armed Security Personnel: Employees who provide security and carry a firearm.

Canceled or Invalid Test: In drug testing, a drug test that has been declared invalid by a Medical Review Officer (MRO). In alcohol testing, a test that is deemed to be invalid. It is neither a positive nor a negative test.

CDL/Non-Revenue Vehicle: Job category including any transit employee who holds a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), performs a function requiring a CDL, and is not included in any other job category.

Cocaine: An addictive substance that comes from coca leaves or is made synthetically. It appears as a white powder that is snorted, ingested, injected, freebased (smoked), or applied directly to the nasal membrane or gums. Cocaine acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system. It gives the user a feeling of exhilaration. The chemicals in cocaine trick the brain into feeling it has experienced pleasure when in fact it has not.

Confirmation (or Confirmatory) Test: In drug testing, a second analytical procedure to identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolite that is independent of the screening test and uses a different technique and chemical principle from that of the screening test in order to ensure reliability and accuracy. In alcohol testing, a second test following a screening test with a result of 0.02 or greater that provides quantitative data of alcohol concentration.

Consortium: An entity, including a group or association of employers, operators, recipients, subrecipients, or contractors, which provides drug testing services and acts on behalf of the employer.

Contractor: A person or organization that provides a service for a recipient, subrecipient, employer, or operator consistent with a specific understanding or arrangement. The understanding can be a written contract or an informal arrangement that reflects an ongoing relationship between the parties.

Covered Employee: A person, including an applicant, transferee, or volunteer who perform a safety-sensitive function for a recipient, subrecipient, employer, or operator.

Drug Metabolite: The specific substance produced when the human body metabolizes a given prohibited drug as it passes through and is excreted in urine.

Drug Test: The laboratory analysis of a urine specimen collected in accordance with 49 CFR Part 40 and analyzed in a Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)-approved laboratory.

Education: Efforts that include the display and distribution of informational materials, a community service hotline telephone number for employee assistance, and the transit entity policy regarding drug use and alcohol misuse in the workplace.

Employee: An individual designated in a Department of Transportation (DOT) agency regulation as subject to drug and/or alcohol testing. "Employee" includes an applicant for employment.

Employer: A recipient or other entity that provides mass transportation services or performs a safety-sensitive function for such recipient or other entity. This term includes subrecipients, operators, and contractors.

Follow-Up Testing: Drug or alcohol test that is required for an employee who is returned to safety-sensitive duty. The employee is subject to at least six unannounced tests for at least 12 months after returning to duty. The exact number and frequency of tests is prescribed by the Substance Abuse Professional (SAP), who may order tests for up to 60 months after return to duty. SAPs often require the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only one of the tests was at issue. Follow-up testing is separate from, and in addition to random testing. Part 655 incorporates follow-up testing under return-to-duty testing (i.e., return to duty/follow-up testing) as one of five required FTA tests. It was previously listed separately as one of six required Federal Transit Administration (FTA) tests.

Marijuana: Derived from the hemp plant and comes in a variety of colors such as green, brown, and a gray mixture of leaves. THC or (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary active chemical in marijuana. It is absorbed quickly into fatty tissues and stored for a long time. The potency and strength of the chemical causes people to use the drug for the mildly tranquilizing, mood and perception-altering effects it produces. The test for marijuana also includes its metabolites.

Opiates: Known as narcotic analgesics, includes heroin, morphine, and codeine. They are derived from a sap taken from a seedpod of the plant, "papaver somniferum" (or poppy plant). General effects include sedation, slowed reflexes, raspy speech, sluggish movements, slowed breathing, cold skin, and vomiting. The synthetic form of opiates, known as a designer drug, is even more deadly and addictive.

Phencyclidine (PCP): Originally developed as an anesthetic; has adverse side effects that limit its medical use to a tranquilizer for large animals. In people, PCP acts as both a depressant and a hallucinogen and sometimes as a stimulant. PCP can cause distorted bodily perceptions and a feeling of disassociation in which the mind feels separated from the body. These effects can be very upsetting to some people, who may panic as a result.

Positive Rate: The sum of the annual number of positive results for random drug tests conducted under 49 CFR Part 655 plus the annual number of refusals to submit to a random drug test, divided by the sum of the annual number of random drug tests conducted, plus the annual number of refusals to submit to a random drug test.

Post-Accident Testing: Tests required following an accident involving a fatality or an accident that meets any of three other criteria if the employee's involvement cannot be completely discounted as a contributing factor: (1) when a person suffers a bodily injury and immediately receives medical attention away from the scene, (2) when any vehicle involved in the accident incurs damage requiring it to be transported away from the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle, or (3) when the mass transit vehicle involved is a rail car, trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel and is removed from revenue service due to the accident.

Pre-Employment Testing: Testing of candidates for a safety-sensitive position (including existing non-safety-sensitive employees as well as applicants for employment) and of employees who have not performed a safety-sensitive function for more than 90 consecutive calendar days, regardless of the reason, and were removed from the employer's random selection pool during that time.

A negative pre-employment test for drugs is required by FTA as a condition for performing safety-sensitive duties under these circumstances. Pre-employment alcohol tests are not required but are permitted under Part 655 providing they are performed in accordance with the testing procedures in Part 40. The alcohol tests are included in the data presented in Chapter 3 because they are conducted per DOT standards and are required by many employers. The Omnibus Testing Act required a negative pre-employment alcohol test, but FTA suspended the requirement on May 10, 1995, as the result of a U.S. Court of Appeals decision. FTA decided to allow but not require pre-employment alcohol testing in Part 655.

Random Testing: Considered by FTA to be the most effective deterrent to drug use and alcohol misuse as well as the most reliable indicator of drug use and alcohol misuse within an employer and in the industry as a whole, provided it is unannounced and unpredictable. Selections for testing must be based on a scientifically valid random-number selection method, to ensure that all safety-sensitive employees have an equal chance of being selected for testing.

Random Testing Rate: The number of drug tests equal to at least 50 percent of the total number of safety-sensitive employees and, of alcohol tests equal to at least 10 percent of the total number of safety-sensitive employees must be conducted each year by this method.

Reasonable Suspicion Testing: Required when an employer has reasonable suspicion that an employee has used a prohibited drug or has misused alcohol as defined in the regulations. Reasonable suspicion testing must be based on specific, contemporaneous, articulable observations made by a trained supervisor concerning the appearance, behavior, speech, or body odor of a safety-sensitive employee.

Recipient: An entity receiving federal financial assistance under Section 5307, 5309, or 5311 of the Federal Transit Act or under sections 103(e)(4) of Title 23 of the U.S. Code.

Refusal to Submit (to an alcohol test): When a covered employee fails to provide adequate breath for testing without a valid medical explanation.

Refusal to Submit (to a drug test): When a covered employee fails to provide a urine sample as required by 49 CFR Part 40 without a valid medical explanation after receiving notice of the requirement to be tested, or engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the testing process.

Return-to-Duty Testing: Drug and/or alcohol test that is required for a safety-sensitive employee who completes a course of treatment prescribed by a SAP after testing positive for drugs or alcohol or refusing to submit to a required test. A negative result for the type (drug or alcohol) of positive or refused test is required before the employee can be returned to duty. SAPs often require the employee to submit to both a drug and an alcohol test even if only one of the tests was at issue.

Revenue Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance: Includes employees who maintain revenue service vehicles or equipment, as well as many maintenance contract employees who perform routine, ongoing repair or maintenance for FTA recipients and subrecipients that have employees, including supervisors, who perform or could be called upon to perform any of the FTA safety-sensitive functions. Maintenance contractors of 5311 funding recipients are not subject to the testing regulations. Additionally, recipients that operate in areas with a population of 200,000 or less and contract out maintenance services are no longer required to comply.

Revenue Vehicle Control/Dispatch: Includes employees who control the movement of revenue service vehicles. The key consideration is the type of work performed rather than a particular job title. FTA decided not to attempt a universal definition of "dispatchers" in Part 655. Instead, each employer determines whether its particular dispatcher performs or may perform a safety-sensitive function.

Revenue Vehicle Operation: Safety-sensitive job category; includes employees who operate a revenue service vehicle, regardless of whether it is in service.

Safety-Sensitive Function: Any of the following duties:

• Operating a revenue service vehicle, including when not in revenue service;
• Operating a non-revenue service vehicle, when required to be operated by a holder of a CDL;
• Controlling dispatch or movement of a revenue service vehicle;
• Maintaining a revenue service vehicle or equipment used in revenue service, unless the recipient receives Section 5311 funding and contracts out such services; and/or
• Providing security and carrying a firearm.

Screening Test (or Initial Test): In drug testing, an immunoassay screen to eliminate "negative" urine specimens from further analysis. In alcohol testing, an analytical procedure to determine whether an employee may have a prohibited concentration of alcohol in a breath specimen.

Transit System: The public entity that receives the Federal grant (direct grant recipient), whether or not that recipient provides mass transit services directly.

Violation Rate: Refers to the sum of the annual number of results from random alcohol tests conducted under 49 CFR Part 655 that have alcohol concentrations of 0.04 or greater plus the annual number of refusals to submit to alcohol tests, divided by the sum of the annual number of random alcohol tests conducted, plus the annual number of refusals to submit to a drug test.

Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance: Function including any person repairing or maintaining revenue service vehicles or other equipment used in revenue service.

Verified Negative (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by an MRO and determined to have no evidence of prohibited drug use.

Verified Positive (drug test result): A drug test result reviewed by an MRO and determined to have evidence of prohibited drug use.

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